ABSTRACT A novel, economic, eco-friendly, accurate and reproducible method was developed for quantitative analysis of cefixime trihydrate tablets. In present investigation, aqueous blend containing 5% each of sodium citrate, glycerine, PEG300, PEG400, urea and 10% PEG 4000 was used for solubilisation of poorly water soluble drug, cefixime trihydrate, to carry out spectrophotometric analysis. As per statement of Maheshwari (Mixed Solvency concept), each substance (gas, liquid, solid) possesses solubilizing power. The solubility of cefixime trihydrate increased to more than 120 fold as compared to water solubility. Calibration curve of cefixime trihydrate was plotted by noting absorbances of standard solutions (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 μg/ml) of cefixime trihydrate which were made by diluting stock solution of cefixime trihydrate. The absorbances were noted at 288 nm against respective reagent blanks. No interference of solubilizers was seen above 245 nm. The percentage drug content in two types of marketed tablets was found close to 100 (99.19±1.238 and 100.85±1.821) indicating the accuracy of the proposed method. Recovery studies confirmed accuracy and precision of proposed method. Percentage recoveries estimated by the proposed method ranged from 97.62±1.723 to 99.58±1.073, which are very close to 100. Low values of standard deviation, percentage coefficient of variation and standard error further validated the proposed methods. Keywords: Mixed solvency, PEG300, PEG400, PEG4000, Urea, Sodium citrate, Glycerin, UV spectroscopy, Cefixime trihydrate.

ABSTRACT Present work describes method for determination of Atazanavir in solid dosage form. The estimation was carried out on a Waters ODS (C18) RP Column, 250 mm x 4.6 mm.column with a mixture of Buffer (triethylamine & pH adjusted to 3.0 with glacial acetic acid) and Acetronitrile in a ratio of 80 : 20(v/v) as mobile phase. UV detection was performed at 212 nm. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limits of detection and quantitation and robustness as per ICH norms. The developed and validated method was successfully used for indicating the stability of the drug and quantitative analysis of commercially available dosage form. The retention time was 3.1min. The flow rate was 1.0 mL min-1. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 10-100 μg/ml, for Atazanavir (API) with correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.998. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be 0.05 g/ml and 0.15 g/ml. The high percentage of recovery and low percentage coefficient of variance confirm the suitability of the method for the estimation of Atazanavir in pure and in capsule dosage form. Key words: Atazanavir, High performance liquid chromatography, Acetonitrile.

ABSTRACT It is believed that dromedary camels entered Sudan from Egypt based on a specimen of camel hair rope of an old kingdom found at Fayum in Upper Egypt 2980-2475 B.C. In Sudan, the oldest evidence is a bronze figure of a camel with saddle found at Meroe 25-15 B.C., indicating that the animal moved south by that period. Sudan holds the second largest camel population in the world (about 4.4 million). Camels in Sudan and elsewhere are classified as pack (heavy) and riding (light) types according to their function. Recent studies have been made to classify the camels according to their performance (dairy camels, meat camels, dual purpose camels and racing camels). The following classification for the Sudanese camels is based on conformational and tribal ownership: pack; riding; hybrid. The pack camel is the heavy type which makes up the majority of camels that are maintained by nomads (about 80%). These camels are subgrouped into Arabi types and Rashaidi (Sawahli, Deaily and Souda) types. The riding camel is the light type which breeds mainly in the northeast part of the country and in the River Nile State. The best riding camels in the country are found east of the Nile and mainly in Kassala State and Red Sea State. The 2 main types are Annafi and Bishari camels. The hybrid camels takes its own line on breeding. They are called Asshab (Anafi and Arabi), Kilaiwau [Anafi and Shallagyai (Bishari)] and Banagir [Anafi and Amirab (Bishari)]. Generally, Darfur and Kordufan camel types move north and south, and the eastern camel types mostly move west and east. The camels avoid the clay soil and Tsetse fly on southern part of the country during the rainy season while searching for water and food. Keywords: Dromedary Camels, Sudan, Red Sea State.

ABSTRACT A simple, precise, rapid, specific and accurate stability indicating reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Gabapentin (GPT) and Nortriptyline (NTL) in pharmaceutical tablet dosage form. Chromatographic separation was performed on Agilent C8, (150 X 4.6mm, 5μm)column, with mobile phase comprising of mixture of buffer: (0.1M ammonium acetate) and methanol in the ratio of 80:20v/v, at the flow rate 1.0 ml/min. The detection was carried out at 254 nm. The retention times of GPT and NTL were found to be 2.66 and 3.58 mins respectively with a run time of 6 mins, theoretical levels for GPT and NTL were 8734 and 8648 respectively, with a resolution of 6.56. As per ICH guidelines the method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantitation, robustness and ruggedness. Linearity of GPT was found in the range of 800-2400 μg/mL and that for CPG was found to be 20-60 μg/mL. The correlation coefficient for GPT and NTL were 0.999 and 1.000 respectively. The LOD values for GPT and NTL were 2.936 and 2.927 μg/mL respectively. The LOQ values for GPT and NTL were and 9.786 and 9.756 μg/mL respectively. This demonstrates that the developed method is simple, precise, rapid, selective, accurate and reproducible for simultaneous estimation of GPT and NTL tablet dosage form. Keywords: Gabapentin (GPT), Nortriptyline (NTL), RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation.

ABSTRACT A simple, specific and accurate reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination mosapride and pantoprazole in pharmaceutical dosage form. The column used was BDS in isocratic mode, with mobile phase containing phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (55:45 v/v) adjusted to pH 3.0 with dilute ortho phosphoric acid solution. The flow rate was 1.1 ml/ min and effluents were monitored at 260 nm. The retention times of mosapride and pantoprazole were found to be 2.399 min and 3.191 min, respectively. The linearity for mosapride and pantoprazole were in the range of 7.5-45 μg/ml and 20-120 μg/ml respectively. The recoveries of mosapride and pantoprazole were found to be 99.22 to 100.09% and 98.02 to 99.98%, respectively. The proposed method was validated and successfully applied to the estimation of mosapride and pantoprazole in combined tablet dosage forms. Keywords: Validation, Mosapride, RP-HPLC, Dosage form.

ABSTRACT Gokshuradi Guggulu a polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation is recommended in the management of Madhumeha. There has been an increase in demand for the Phyto-pharmaceutical products of Ayurveda so a pharmaceutical preparation in the form of Gokshuradi Guggulu was tried to standardize, which is economical in terms of time and machinery usage. Till date there is no reference regarding evaluation of Gokshuradi Guggulu.In the present study Gokshuradi Guggulu subjected to confirm its quality and purity, Pharmacognostical and phyto-chemically. Results revealed the specific characters ie. Silica deposition, Tanin content, Starch grains, Prismatic crystals, Oleo resins, Scleroid along with fibres, Black debris. Physicochemical results showed that pH 5.0, Water soluble extract 29.6% w/w, support the intended action of the formulation in Diabetic polyneuropathy. Keywords: Gokshuradi Guggulu, Madhumeha, Pharmacognosy, Phyto-chemistry.

ABSTRACT

A new, simple, precise, accurate and reproducible RP-HPLC method for Simultaneous estimation of Tolpersione and Diclofenac sodium in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Separation of Tolpersione and Diclofenac sodium was successfully achieved on an Eclipse XDB C18 (150mm X 4.6mm X 5μ Make: Waters) or equivalent in an isocratic mode utilizing KH2PO4 buffer ( pH 4.5): Methanol (60:40%v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and eluate was monitored at 258nm, with a retention time of 3.523 and 4.766 minutes for Diclofenac sodium and Tolpersione. The method was validated and the response was found to be linear in the drug concentration range of 50μg/Ml to150 μg/mL for Diclofenac sodium and 50μg/mLto150 μg/mL for Tolpersione. The value of the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.999 and 0.999 for Diclofenac sodium and Tolpersione. The LOD and LOQ for Tolpersione were found to be 0.334 , 1.113 respectively. The LOD and LOQ for Diclofenac sodium were found to be 0.1301, 0.4338 respectively. This method was found to be good percentage recovery for Diclofenac sodium and Tolpersione were found to be 98.00 and 100.00 respectively indicates that the proposed method is highly accurate. The specificity of the method shows good correlation between retention times of standard with the sample so, the method specifically determines the analyte in the sample without interference from excipients of tablet dosage forms. The method was extensively validated according to ICH guidelines for linearity, range, accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness. Keywords: Diclofenac sodium and Tolpersione, High performance liquid chromatography.

ABSTRACT A spectrophotometric method for the analysis of cyclophosphamide in pure form and in capsule has been developed using 0.1N HCl as solvent. The chromogen exhibited absorption maxima at 263 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration ranges of 10-50 μg/ml. The proposed method was successfully applied for determination of the cyclophosphamide in their pharmaceutical formulations. The method is simple, precise and accurate and not having interference in adjutants in capsules. Keywords: Cyclophosphamide, UV spectrophotometry, .

ABSTRACT RP-HPLC method in which determination of Trifluoperazine hydrochloride and Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride was carried out by reverse phase C-18 column (Inertsil ODS-3,250*4.6mm) using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: water: triethyelamine (68: 31.8: 0.2v/v) with pH 4 adjusted by using ortho-phosphoric acid. The mobile phase was pumped at rate of 1.0 ml/min and the detection was carried out at 210 nm. The linearity was found in the range of 10-150 μg/ml and 4-60 μg/ml with regression coefficient (r=0.999 for both). The peaks obtained were sharp having clear baselines separation with a retention time of 2.78±5.68 and 2.31 ± 4.72 min for Trifluoperazine hydrochloride and Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride respectively. Keywords: Trifluoperazine hydrochloride, Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, RP-HPLC, Validation.

ABSTRACT A survey was conducted through questionnaire guided interviews with cattle owners (household survey) in selected districts in Fuga cattle habitats. Five villages were selected according to the clustering of villages within the district and accessibility. A set of detailed structured questionnaires were prepared and used to collect information from a total of 150 cattle owners in fuga cattle area. The questionnaires were pre-tested to check clarity and appropriateness of the questions. Some of the information collected during interviews was supported by observation. Milk yield per lactations , milk yield per day ,lactation length , age at first calving ,Calving interval, number of services per conception ,and weight of birth of Fuga cattle breed were presented (1100.96±86.18 kg, 5.26±0.29 kg, 208.60 ± 5.37 days, 40.49, 15.90± 0.44 months, 2.27±0.7 and 22.06±0.44kg) respectively. The population structure and genetic diversity were analyzed using nine microsatellite markers, These markers showed a high level of polymorphism; 64 alleles were identified. The mean number of alleles per locus was 7.11. The mean expected heterozygosity was (0.725) lower than the mean of observed heterozygosity which was (0.778), Polymorphic information content(PIC),Showed substantial variation in PIC among the markers. The mean PIC was 0.664. FST value in all loci was within the average of 0.149. Keywords: Phenotypic, Genotypic, microsatellite DNA, Fuga cattle Breed.

ABSTRACT Two simple, specific, sensitive, rapid, precise, accurate and economical UV Spectrophotometric methods viz. simultaneous equation method and Q-Absorbance ratio method have been developed and validated for the routine estimation of Paracetamol and Diclofenac Sodium in bulk and tablet dosage form. The absorption maxima of drugs were found to be at 247 nm for Paracetamol and 276 nm for Diclofenac sodium and iso-absorptive point at 265 nm in distilled water and these wavelengths were selected for the analysis. Paracetamol and Diclofenac sodium obeyed Beer- Lambert’s law in the concentration range of 6-30 μg/ml at 247 nm and 276 nm respectively. Simultaneous equation method and Q-analysis method have been used in the estimation of both the drugs. Both the methods show good accuracy and precision which was validated statistically. These methods require no preliminary separation and can therefore be used for routine analysis of both drugs in quality control laboratories. Keywords: Simultaneous equation method, Q-analysis method, Paracetamol, Diclofenac sodium, Distilled water, Validation.